To the best of our knowledge, there is little evidence available in Iran about conjunctivitis caused by M. catarrhalis ATCC 25238 and distilled water were used as positive and negative controls respectively.Ĭonjunctivitis is one of the main causes of redness and discharge of the eyes, and its prevalence varies according to the patients’ gender and age, and different seasons of the year. The PCR amplicons were visualized by electrophoresis (80 V/60 min) on 1.5% agarose gel in 1× Tris Borate-EDTA buffer containing ethidium bromide (0.5 µg/ml). The PCR program was optimized as initial denaturation at 95 ☌ for 5 min, 34 cycles of denaturation at 95 ☌ for 50s, annealing at 55 ☌ for 50s, extension at 72 ☌ for 50s, and the final extension time at 72 ☌ for 5 min. The PCR reaction was carried out in a final volume of 25 µl using a thermal gradient cycler (Eppendorf Co., Germany) with the following procedure: 2.5 µl of 10× buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM KCl), 1.5 mM MgCl 2, 200 µM of each dNTPs, 0.4 µM of each forward and reverse primers, 1 U of Taq polymerase, 3 µl of the DNA template, and sterilized distilled water to complete the reaction volume. catarrhalis using MCAT1 (5′-TTGGCTTGTGCT AAAATATC-3′) and MCAT2 (5′-GTCATCGCTATCATTCACCT-3′) primers as previously described by Post et al. The PCR was done to amplify a 140 bp sequence of M. The DNA extraction of bacterial isolates and conjunctival swabs was done by the boiling method and QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN GmbH, Hilden, Germany), respectively. The isolates were finally confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The suspected colonies were stocked in trypticase soy broth (Merck, Germany) containing 20% (v/v) glycerol and frozen at − 80 ☌. After overnight incubation, positive growth and suspected colonies were further investigated by colony morphology (smooth, white, opaque), Gram staining, oxidase, catalase, DNase, reduction of nitrate to nitrite, and carbohydrate fermentation tests such as sucrose, glucose, and lactose. The swab specimens were directly inoculated on blood agar (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) with 5% defibrinated sheep blood (Bahar Afshan, Tehran, Iran) and incubated at 37 ☌ with 5% CO 2 for 24–48 h. All cases with a history of antibiotics use 15 days before the study were excluded from research. The cases were selected and confirmed by the ophthalmologist attending physician. In this study, which was performed from May 2013 to August 2016, the conjunctival samples were collected by sterile cotton-wool swabs (2 swabs) from each patient who suffered from infective conjunctivitis and admitted as outpatients to the Ophthalmology Division of Emam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz, southwestern Iran. Methods Sample collection and phenotypic detection of bacteria catarrhalis in conjunctivitis samples collected from patients admitted to one of the main referral ocular infections centers of southwestern Iran. Although the prevalence of Moraxella species in ocular infections has been rarely reported (0.8–19.1%), since there was no epidemiological information in this field in the geographical region of southwestern Iran, this study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and molecular presence of M. Currently, medical system laboratories do not have an identical sensitive method for differentiating Moraxella species to genus and species levels in eye infections. catarrhalis is generally non-exudative, persistent, and with no sign of redness. This bacterium is resistant to penicillin due to its BRO-1 and BRO-2 beta-lactamases. catarrhalis has been considered an emerging human pathogen. influenzae (NTHi) had a frequency rate of 61.8% in children with infective conjunctivitis, followed by S. influenzae account for the highest causes of bacterial conjunctivitis. In total, bacterial conjunctivitis is accountable for 50–75% of cases in children. The incidence of viral conjunctivitis is higher than bacterial conjunctivitis in adults, whereas bacterial conjunctivitis is more common in children. Several numbers of infectious pathogens including bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis) and viruses (adenoviruses, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and Molluscum contagiosum) are contributed to the majority of conjunctivitis cases.
The inflammation of the membrane of eyelids is called conjunctivitis.
Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram-negative, diplococcus bacterium that accounts for many pathologies of humans including otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, and conjunctivitis.
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